I. Eureka! the Moment of Insight

'I like to refer to the septiles as the consciousness-expanding aspects'
Delphine Jay1

From the date when Tycho Brahe dismounted from his horse, to behold a galactic supernova, in 1572, to the discovery of DNA structure by James Watson in 1953, spans four centuries of scientific endeavour. We were able to find a total of twenty-three dated Eureka moments over this period - the most comprehensive collection ever assembled, more than twice as many as Koestler described. We have not muddled them up with invention and discovery moments as others
normally do, but have limited them to genuine flashes of intellectual insight. Every one of them is dated, which is the best criterion for separating real from mythical E-moments: however vividly a mythical E-moment may be described, it will never have a date.

Table I THE EUREKA MOMENTS (n=23)

Total quintiles and septiles: Q: 61, ...S: 84
Chance-expected totals..... Q: 50.4, S: 55.4
Percent Excess................. Q: 21%, S: 52%

The table shows these E-moments, with their time and date, and each with their pair of quintile and septile-aspect scores on the right (as will be discussed later). The scientist concerned had to feature in Isaac Asimov's 'Biographical Encyclopaedia of Science & Technology', thereby excluding marginal and possibly trivial E-moment cases, and helping to preserve the definition of the E-moment as Koestler described it in his 'Act of Creation.' The list has had just a couple of items added since we originally published it in 1988 (those of Edison and Hubble). From comments and discussion it seems likely that only one of the moments here featured was erroneous: the night when Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto. He was sifting mechanically through thousands of photographic plates when his big 'aha!' moment arrived. It was the most exciting moment of his life, however it was hardly a moment of insight. The event has a rather low score of (3,1) and one would not wish to appear to be enhancing the significance of the group through excluding this event.

Some have raised doubt over one of the earliest Eureka-moments, when Galileo first observed the moons of Jupiter. The night of January 7th, 1610 was certainly a memorable one for the history of astronomy, when a group of stars around Jupiter, never before suspected, were discovered. A telescope was first pointed at Jupiter, and on that very night Galileo wrote off a letter to a colleague about this great discovery. As Galileo's 'Starry Messenger' makes clear with its night-by-night account of events, it was not until some nights later that he realised that the new stars were satellites orbiting Jupiter. The experts do not seem clear as to which was the night on which this realisation came to him (2).

Thus, one or possibly two members of this group of 23 may be a little doubtful, but otherwise persons inspecting the list have felt that it was a genuine collection of E-moments. Astrology author and philosopher Dr Theodore Landscheit who has studied some eureka experiences, wrote to us that 'All events in the list are, in my opinion, genuine scientific eureka moments, and as far as I could see, there are no contradictory statements as to the dates.' One welcomes further discussion of this matter, and whether any other events could or should have beeen included. A brief summary of these moments follows, to give us a feel for the excitement of these moments.

The Dated Eureka Moments:
1572: Tycho Brahe discovered a new star, 'Tycho's star', a galactic supernova which flared brightly for a year. Tycho Brahe published an account of it which established his name. The previous nova in the 11th century seems to have passed unrecorded in Europe because the heavens were believed not to change. Brahe's discovery must have been 'between 6pm and 8pm' according to astronomy author Norman Davison, based upon Brahe seeing the star 'high overhead' and being on his way to have supper (3). Astonished, he dismounted from his horse and asked his companions whether they, too, could see the new star. They could.

1607: Galileo Galilei saw the moons of Jupiter using his telescope - 'a memorable night in the history of astronomy'(4)- and communicated the observation in an anagram. He studied them an hour and a half after sunset according to J.Meeus, a Belgian astronomer, who computed when the moons would have been in the position drawn by Galileo; this concurs with Galileo's notebook for January 7th, 1610, stating that his initial telescopic observation of Jupiter was about 'the first hour of the night', when 'I became aware of 3 little stars...lying near it.' (5)

1618: Johann Kepler discoverd the 3rd law of planetary motion. 'I feel carried away and possessed by an unutterable rapture' he wrote.

1807: Humphry Davy prepared potassium using electrolysis of molten potash. This was the first of some ten new elements he prepared, one-third of those then known. His biographer Knight says that Davy 'danced around the laboratory when he finally succeeded in separating the globules,' of potassium (6).

1831: Michael Faraday discovered how to induce an electric current, described by Asimov as 'probably the greatest single electrical discovery in history', on August 29, 1831. Following this, '10 days of decisive experiment ended in his paper on 'The Induction of Electric Currents (7).''

1846: at the Berlin Observatory, Johann Galle discovered Neptune shortly after midnight on September 23, tracking the object until it set at 2.30 a.m. (8)

1869: Dmitri Mendeleef envisioned the Periodic Table while composing a chemistry textbook. One day he awoke from his afternoon nap with the basic idea, and by the evening he created the first Periodic Table of elements (9).

1877: Thomas Edison conceived the phonograph principle, while using a Morse code tapper. From a device transmitting electrical messages he conceived one to transmit sound waves by oscillation: 'A sudden reversal of logic and the phonograph was born' (10)

1895 William Ramsay ascertained that gas from a rock sample was helium, the element previously seen only in the Sun's corona.

1895: Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays just before midnight, while experimenting with cathode-ray tube emissions.

1896: Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity from uranium ore, after leaving it with a photographic film in a drawer for several days. He noticed a darkening of film on removing it.

1915: Albert Einstein realised that Mercury's orbit could be accounted for by his relativity theory. 'This discovery was, I believe, by far the strongest emotional experience in Einstein's scientific life, perhaps in all his life...' wrote his biographer. 'For a few days I was beside myself with joyous excitement' Einstein said, of that moment (11).

1921: Otto Loewi discovered nerve transmission principle: at 3 am he awoke from sleep with the idea of chemical-electrical transmission of nerve impulses, and 'rushed into his laboratory' to verify it (12).

1923: Edwin Hubble was examining an image of the Andromeda nebula at the Mount Palomar telescope one morning, when it dawned upon him that it had to be a separate galaxy outside the Milky Way: this was 'the night the universe changed forever' as his biographer described it (13).

1925: 'I was shocked to the core', recalled Werner Heisenberg, of the
time when the principle of quantum mechanics dawned upon him: 'I had the feeling that I was seeing through the surfaces of atomic phenomena to their deep underlying basis, which had a remarkable inner beauty. So excited was I that I could not think of sleeping, but remained awake all night and watched the sunrise.'

1928: Alexander Fleming discovered penecillin, after a spore entered a dish he was using and stopped a mould from growing. In Koestler's view,'Fleming had been waiting for that stroke of luck for 15 years; and when it came he was ready for it (14).'

1930: Clyde Tombaugh found Pluto, supposedly predicted from perturbation of Neptune's orbit. He found it by time-lapse photography, at the Lowell observatory (15).

1933: Leo Szilard realised how a nuclear chain reaction could take place, while crossing a road in Holborn in 1933. He had just read a newspaper account of a lecture by Lord Rutherford, declaring that any notion of obtaining energy from the atom was the 'merest moonshine.'

1934: It dawned upon Enrico Fermi that, for neutrons to enter the atomic nucleus, they first had to be slowed down by passing through a suitable medium. This he recalled as 'probably the most important discovery that I have made (16).'

1938 Lise Meitner comprehended fission of the uranium nucleus while walking in the snow in Sweden, after she received a letter from Otto Hahn describing his experiments.

1951 Charles Townes envisioned the laser principle involving coherent oscillation of molecules, while sitting on a park bench in Washington early in the morning. This is our best-timed E-moment.

1953: James Watson realised that the four base-pairs of the DNA molecule could fit together by hydrogen bonds to give a helix structure (17).

The Natal Group
As well as these dated eureka-moments, there are other equally celebrated experiences that are undatable, for example the flash of insight whereby the principle of the alternating-current electric motor dawned upon Nicola Tesla in Budapest Park. From this quite large group of dated plus undated E-moments, we derive the natal group - famous scientists who have recorded E-moments, and whose birth-data is reliably known. They have to be in the Asimov reference (18) - as includes over a thousand thumbnail-sketches of famous lives - and have English-language biographies. The latter condition is essential for evaluating the E-moment (The use of this Asimov refeence seems to have lost us only one notable figure of known birthtime, the computer genius Alan Turing. Two biographies exist of him, neither hinting at any E-moment. A military secrecy shrouded his later life as impaired his reputation until recently). This generates the first column in Table II, the list of sixteen eureka-scientists.

Nowadays, astrological data-collections are sold as CD-roms and stored on websites (19), whereas when we originaly compiled these groups in the 1980s there were various books of data, such as those of the Gauquelins (20). By general consent, the best CD-Rom on eminent persons birthdata is that of Louis Rhodden, and this will produce a sub-group of eminent 'scientists and inventors.' Selecting out the reliable (ie, with a decent source) data from this group, then finding which of these feature in Asimov's BEST, will more or less give one the members of Table II. The reader may prefer to use more modern books of famous scientists than the Asimov reference, now out of print; but, these may not give the dates of birth as did Asimov, as was handy, plus he had a penchant for citing any notable eureka-moments enshrined in the biographies, as was a great help.

We then sought out biographies, by rummaging through libraries (21), and more recently by computer-searching the British Library in London. Thereby the total set, of {eminent scientists of reliable birthdata, with English-language biographies} comes into focus, as comprises Table II. We'll allude to the columns of this table as the E- and non E- natal groups. They have at present 16 and 20 members respectively. These numbers may seem small, reflecting no doubt the traditional antipathy between science and astrology, as well as the fact that Britain is the one country in Europe as does not put time of birth upon the birth-certificate.

So, we divide the natal group into two by whether or not the individuals remembered one moment of inspiration, as having been crucial for their future life. It is hardly necessary to add, that this concept is unfashionable amongst science historians. Making that decision sets up a complimentary non-E group, where no eureka experiences were described in their biographies. This doesn't necessarily mean that they never had one. The non-E group may tend to be more Saturnine and less inspirational or 'Uranian' than the E-group, and, yes, its members may be a little less eminent.

In the earlier publications and presentations on the 'Eureka Effect' together with Mike O'Neill, we ignored the non-E group in our analyses. It then was rather small, only about half the size it is now. It has grown in size lately partly because of the computer-retrieval processes described, as has made it easier to find both the cases with reliable natal data and the biographies, and partly because of the new biographies published since then. Let's not regard these lists as cast in stone.What matters, I suggest, is that one is only adding and not removing individuals from these lists, as the latter could be suspicious. At its present size, the non-E group appears to have just as significant a story to tell as the E-group, but in the opposite direction, which is a surprise and quite unexpected.

Our results were first published in 1988 by myself and Mike O'Neill, being much the same as we had earlier given in 1986 at the first presentation of 'Project Eureka' at that years's Astrological Research Conference in London, and it was republished in 1996 without alteration (22). Since then, the birth-data of two more E-scientists has become available, namely Wilhelm Roentgen and Werner Heisenberg, so they have been added to the list. We required that the natal group data be reliably timed - in contrast with the E-moments. It seemed likely that, especially prior to the advent of the electric light, the time of insight was likely to be within several hours of 2 p.m. That would make its uncertainty much less than plus or minus twelve hours which is the possible error for untimed birth data. We therefore accepted any E-moments as long as they were dated.

Table II FAMOUS SCIENTISTS OF KNOWN BIRTHTIME
with quintile and septile scores
Eureka Q & S Non-Eureka Q & S

Also, Alexander Bell {3, 2} and Guglielmo Marconi {2, 1}.

We were able to place all of our group of Asimov scientists into one of two categories, except only for Alexander Bell and Marconi. These two both had remarkable 'aha!' moments, but they were what we later came to call invention moments, times of concrete achievement, for the telephone and radio respectively.

The term 'scientist' is a broad one, and we endeavoured to use it in a way that would promote consensus. The philosophers Francis Bacon and René Descartes, the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, and the artist Leonardo da Vinci are all in Asimov and of known birthtime, yet we excluded them. Science historians discuss Freud's work, and books on invention include it, yet most people wouldn't regard psychoanalysis as being a science. Samuel Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph, wasn't included because he was by profession an artist.

We chose not to include mathematicians, even though Henri Poincaré's well-known account of his eureka experience while stepping on a bus is discussed in the 'Act of Creation' of Koestler. This leaves a separate group on which our hypothesis can be tested. The mathematicians Euler and Gauss have described such moments in their lives, but it seemed preferable to leave the subject to others better qualified to delve into the history of mathematics. Mathematicians have different characters from scientists and so, for the analysis of planetary aspect frequencies, we preferred to keep them apart.

Birth data had to be reliable, which means that they came from birth certificates or from a close relative of the person, or the person themselves. For example, Clyde Tombaugh who discovered Pluto wrote to us that he was born 'probably in the early morning hours' and this could not be used, though the moment when he discovered Pluto is known and features in Table 2.

Summarising, the Eureka natal group was selected by four criteria, namely that the persons included had to:
* be scientists,
* referred to in Asimov's Biog. Encyclopaedia of Science & Technology;
* have times of birth known reliably to within an hour, and
* have sufficiently detailed biographies in English for an evaluation
to be feasible as to whether they experienced an E- moment.

Two persons compiled the lists, one having the computer programme able to generate the score for a given time (M.O.), and the other (N.K.) a science historian by training who made a yes/no decision prior to that score being ascertained. Were any cases transferred across from one group to another after their quintile and septile score had been found? The answer, as stated in earlier presentations, is that for one case only, that of Leverrier, was this done. Initially, August Leverrier was scored as having 'discovered' the planet Neptune. This was a mistake, as there was clearly no sudden insight on his part. He formulated a mathematical prediction for its existence. A sceptic could argue that Leverrier's low score (1,1) influenced the decision to transfer him into the non-E group. Clearly, this key classification decision should be made prior to scoring.

Significance of Results
We can now begin to analyse the data. Overall, the Eureka-group of scientists have 85% more quintiles and septiles than the non-eureka group, and the group of Eureka-moments had 37% above chance of these same aspects. So, the same effect was found to replicate through the natal and event groups.

That is proof, concrete proof, for the working of astrology. Here, for the first time, is definite evidence for the effect of celestial aspects. The basic prediction, as made by John Addey, has been validated. So here we have made first contact as it were, in that the astronomical frequencies are definitely being warped by an astrological effect. No amount of rejigging the data, I claim, can make that effect fade away: although readers are invited to try.

The hypothesis here tested was that there would be an excess of quintile and septile aspects in the natal charts of eureka scientists. For this we used thje orbs as proposed by Addey, namely just over two degrees for quintiles, 12/5°, and just under two degrees for septiles, 12/7°. That hypothesis has now been confirmed. We then predicted that the same should be found for the E-moments. To test these predictions, we had to generate the chance or expected values for these aspects. That isn't easy, and involves having the computer select thousands of randomly-selected times and score them. The expected frequencies, that is to say the number as would be expected per chart, of the quintile and septile aspects at these orbs came out at 2.2 and 2.4 over the historical period concerned. Those figures were derived from computer sampling over the four centuries spanned by the list (see Appendix II).

We also found that the septile effect wass uniformly stronger or larger-amplitude than the quintile effect. Let's compare them from the two tables:

Excess of Aspects in Quintiles and Septiles
Eureka-moments (n=23): 61/50.4 for quintiles (+21%), 84/55.4 for septiles (+52%)
Eureka-scientists (n=16) 43/35.0 for quintiles (+23%), 56/38.6 for septiles (+45%)
Non-E. scientists (n=20) 38/43.8 for quintiles (-13%), 29/48.2 for septiles (-40%)

Why should that be? Perhaps septiles have an illuminative quality, dominant at these moments. The Eureka-scientists had 140% more septiles in their natal charts than did the non-E group. That's quite a difference. These effects must surely point to a real psychological difference between the two groups.

The appropriate test for checking out the significance of these results is the 'chi-squared' and it's about the simplest test known to statistics. For the list of eureka-moments in Table 1, the excess score of these aspects above chance has a significance level of one part in two thousand (a chi-square of 15). At that level of significance chance can be ruled out, ie the evidence is conclusive - if, indeed, the list has been properly constructed. Really, these tests only tell us what can be seen by inspection, as to how significant an effect is. The smaller natal E-group has a lower level of significance, of around 1 in 300.

Mike O'Neill had some scruples about the units involved not being quite independent, as the chi-square test requires (the presence of these aspects in a chart can affect the likelihood of further such aspects also being present), so he found an empirical method of assessing significance, as involved randomly generating huge numbers of charts and counting their aspects. The net result was toconfirm of the significance values obtained by the chi-squared test.

The non-eureka group
Many scientific biographies do not focus on one moment of realisation, but rather describe how a theory or discoveries unfolded gradually. To quote from the biography of Marie Curie by her sister, Eve Curie: 'The layman forms a theatrical - and wholly false - idea of the research worker and of his discoveries. The 'moment of discovery' does not always exist: the scientist's work is too tenuous, too divided, for the certainty of success to crackle out suddenly in the midst of his labourious toil like a stroke of lightning, dazzling him by its fire. Marie, standing in front of her apparatus, perhaps never experienced the sudden moment of triumph.' (23) In the biographies of Edmund Halley, or Copernicus, or T.H.Huxley, we find no one date when their perception of a problem changed: if they had such a moment, it was not remarkable enough to find its way into their biographies. Copernicus left a record of how he 'gradually began to meditate' upon the motion of the Earth (24). Such persons form a 'non-eureka group', a group defined negatively as scientists whose biographies do not describe such moments. The non-eureka group was developed as a complement to the eureka group, to see to what extent a converse situation applied to them in respect of scores allocated.

As an example, let's quote the first preparation of oxygen gas by the English clergyman Joseph Priestley, on August 1st, 1774. Priestley had an ingenious new method of preparing the gas by heating mercury oxide with a lens which focussed sunlight, and collecting the gas evolved over mercury. Of his discovery he wrote, 'When the decisive facts did at length obtrude themselves upon my notice, it was very slowly and with great hesitation, that I yielded to the evidence of my senses' (25). It became in retrospect a key moment for Priestley, as his fame grew from the discovery, owing to Lavoisier explaining its significance. Priestley called his discovery 'nitrous air',and believed it to be a variant of the nitric oxide he had prepared earlier. Kuhn's account emphasised how Priestley's preparation of oxygen was but one of a series of 'airs' evolved by heating solids using his new method, and that there was no single moment when Priestley came to realise that such a thing as oxygen existed (26). He was not the first to prepare oxygen, but was the first to publish the fact: it was first made by Scheele in 1771 at an unknown date, who called it 'fire air' (27).

The discovery of the planet Uranus is a classic example of a non-eureka process, extending over about six months. Several astronomers had recorded Uranus as a star, and then on March 13th, 1781 William Herschel discovered that this star previously noticed was of a disc-shape. His telescope was more powerful than anyone else's at the time, and he was conducting a systematic sky-search. A few nights later he noted that it was in motion against the stars, and so concluded that it was a comet. A month later he gave his 'Account of a Comet' to the Royal Society. Only about six months later did people gradually apprehend, by following its path in the sky, that it must be a new planet (28).

Two well-known American 'Asimov' scientists, Hans Bethe and Carl Sagan, have biographies which contain no hint of E-moments (29), and have reliable birth-data. Hans Bethe discovered what is (supposedly) the carbon cycle of nuclear reactions inside the Sun. A colourful account of the eureka experience for this breakthrough was given by the popular science writer George Gamow, according to which the theory came to Bethe on a train journey just as the Sun was setting and dinner was being served (30). A letter was sent to Professor Bethe about this, and his reply dismissed this account as a mere prank by Gamov, declaring that no such distinct moment had existed for him! His biography reiterated his dismissal of the Gamov story, explaining that only slowly over months, did he work out the equations (31). Bethe's Q+S score is (1,2)

The biography of the French physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie tells how he collaborated with his wife in the 1930s, that crucial decade following Pluto's discovery, in generating artificial radioactivity. Conveniently, it gives his time of birth. There is no sign of any eureka moment, though it does give the momentous time when they first made an artificial element (32); rather alchemically, an exact New Moon was then conjunct Mercury and opposing Pluto. His natal Q+S score is (0,1).

The 'Mandelbrot set' whose wondrous forms unfold on today's computer screens, having their roots in the realm of imaginary numbers, was discovered by Benoit Mandelbrot. The images of his 'set' started to emerge from a computer at Harvard University in 1980, when Mandelbrot recalled how 'they lit my life with intellectual and aesthetic revelations.' A letter of his may be quoted (with permission) as to how he first perceived a 'Mandelbrot set' early in 1979 but failed to appreciate its meaning: 'Your query has made me think, and has helped me pinpoint more sharply a permanent feature of my research style. Here is a brief response. 'It is obvious that I know of scientists who claim to have experienced "eureka moments." But I have seldom experienced anything that fits that description... my first sighting of that set was not in my opinion a clearcut discovery, but merely one part of a wide complex of observation that eventually spurred me to the work described...'
His thought processes, he explained, had followed a more 'fractal' path... Mandelbrot is thus a non-eureka type. He is not included in the list for three reasons: his discovery is mathematical, he is too recent to feature in Asimov, and his birth time is unknown.

Predictions from the Theory
A scientific theory needs to make testable predictions. Here are some ways in which the Eureka Effect here described can be tested.

* Mathematicians such as Euler, Gauss, Hamilton, Boole and Poincaré have described E-moments. Andr_ Marie Ampere (1755-1836), after whom the unit of electric current is named, recorded in his diary the circumstances of his first mathematical discovery, on April 27, 1802: 'It was seven years ago I proposed to myself a problem which I have not been able to solve directly, but for which I had found by chance a solution, and knew it was correct, without being able to prove it. For some days I had carried the idea about with me continually. At last, I do not know how, I found it, together with a large number of curious and new considerations concerning the theory of probability...' (33) This seems to have been a purely mathematical insight. Its Q+S score is (3,3). Better known is the E-moment of Sir William Rowan Hamilton, which struck while he was strolling across Brougham Bridge near Dublin. It is well-timed and dated, and described in Chapter Twelve. The group of mathematical E-moments and natal data form a distinct set (34,35,36).

* Can the date be found, of Coleridge's opium-aided inspiration for his masterpiece Kubla Kahn, or Mary Shelley's nightmare about Baron Frankenstein and his creation (after an evening spent telling ghost stories around the fire, with her husband and Lord Byron), or the day in Paris when the first haunting strains of Tchaikovsky's 'Pathetique' symphony came to him? Frankly, I doubt it. Of the composing of Rilke's Duino Elegies it was said:
'They are named for the castle of Duino, which stands on a rocky headland of the Adriatic above Trieste where, during a lonely winter sojourn in 1912, some of them were first conceived. Ten years of distressing silence followed this promising begininning, and then, in another lonely castle in Switzerland, the spell was broken and the ten elegies took shape. "All in a few days, it was an indescribable storm, a mental and spiritual hurricane (as in those days at Duino), every fibre, every tissue in me cracked - eating was never to be thought of, God knows what nourished me."' Could an expert on literature seek out such moments, of notable inspiration? He or she would have to lack access to their quintile and septile scores, while doing this.

* John Addey discussed septiles in the context of musicians who were especially inspirational, and others have made similar claims about poets (37). Addey claimed that their 'seventh-harmonic' charts were 'strong'. If an expert on the subject were to assemble such a group, with their historic moments of inspiration, one could then find the charts and score their quintiles and septiles. Thereby one would be applying Koestler's view that experiences of inspiration in art and science were comparable.

* There are nearly three dozen scientists in the Asimov reference for whom reliable birthtime is available, but for whom no detailed biographies exist in English (Appendix I). This group is a source whereby our theory could be tested.

* A survey published in a chemistry journal found that E-moments were not uncommon in the lives of ordinary working chemists. Recollections such as the following were found:
'Freeing my mind of all thoughts of the problem I walked briskly down the street, when suddenly at a definite spot which I could locate today, as if from the clear sky above me an idea popped into my head as if a voice had shouted it.'
'The idea came with such a shock that I remember the exact position quite clearly.'
'I decided to abandon the work and all thoughts relating to it, and then on the following day when occupied in work of an entirely different type, an idea came into my mind as suddenly as a flash of lightning and it was the solution... the utter simplicity made me wonder why I hadn't thought of it before'(38).
If the dates of such moments could be located then they would offer an opportunity for testing the hypothesis here advanced on non-eminent persons. One hopes that scientists will become more careful in remembering these dates.

* Conferences or musical events requiring an inspirational tenor could be scheduled for days when strong septile aspects were present. The Harmogram (see Chapter Twelve) gives an easy way to locate such dates. In retrospect one could discuss to what extent such had been achieved. Musicians would tend to be more open-minded to such a suggestion than groups of scientists.

* Some decades from now, there should be enough fresh E-moments for a further test to be feasible.

References
1) Delphine Jay, Practical Harmonics AFA California, 1983 p.7. Her work is influenced by John
Addey's 'Harmonics in Astrology', 1976.

2) Stillman Drake, Galileo at Work, 1980, p.152.

3) Letter from Norman Davidson, author of Astronomy and the Imagination, 1985.

4) Drake, op. cit. (8), p.143.

5) Meeus J., Galileo's first Records of Jupiter's Satellites, Sky and Telescope, September
1962, p.137.

6) Knight, Humphrey Davy, 1992, p.65.

7) Pearce Williams, Michael Faraday, 1965, p.165.

8) Patrick Moore, The Planet Neptune, An Historical Survey before Voyager, New York 1988, p.23.

9) J.Elmsley, Mendeleev's Dream Table, New Scientist, March 7, 1985.

10) Koestler AOC, p.197; Hughes, 1979, 1101.

11) R.Pais, Subtle is the Lord: the Science and Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford 1982, p.253.

12) Koestler, AOC p.205.

13) Christianson, H., The Night the Universe Changed Forever.' The Griffith Observer, June
1997, pp.4-10.

14) Koestler, AOC p.194.

15) Moore P. and Tombaugh, C. Out of the Darkness - the Discovery of Pluto. New York 1984.
Tombaugh wrote to us that he detected Pluto on photograophic plates at '4.00 ±3 min.
Mountain Standard Time.

16) E. Segr_, Enrico Fermi, Physicist Chicago 1970 p.81.

17) Olby R., The Hunt for the Helix, 1974, p.412. A letter from J.D. Watson confirmed the time.

18) Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopaedia of Science & Technology' 1966, New York.

19) The Louis Rhodden data-collection remains the most authoritative one. It classifies data-sources into grades of diminishing reliability A,B,C and D, from A implying sight of birth certificate to D as being 'dirty data' with time uncertain, while 'C' means there is no definitely-known source. Her classification has become widely accepted. Project Eureka used material of Rhodden grades A and B, and of those given by the Rhodden CD-Rom under the label 'scientist' of these grades, about seventy feature in the Asimov BEST.
Less expensive, but short of guidance over data reliability, is Peter Niehenke's collection of thirty thousand or so birthdates, on CD-Rom or free by accessing the Karlsruhe University website:
http://rpkalf4.mach.uni-karlsruhe.de/~ferber/davdb.
Niehenke was formerly President of the German Astrological Association.

20) Gauquelin M. & F., The Gauquelin Book of American Charts, ACS, CA 1982.

21) London libraries at the Wellcome Institute and Royal Society are public-access with
excellent scientific-biography sections.

22) Appendix III gives the original list, as presented in 1986. 'The Eureka Effect, a initial Report' by N.K. & Mike O'Neill was self-published in 1988. We also published a similar 'Eureka Effect' text in The Astrological Journal, 1988, 2, p.90-7, and 3, p.136; then later and expanded somewhat as a booklet by the Urania Trust, 1996.

23) E.Curie, Marie Curie, 1931, p.165.

24) Koestler, The Sleepwalkers, p.207.

25) J.R. Partington, 'A History of Chemistry', III, p.265.

26) Thomas Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p.54.

27) Partington, ibid, Vol. III, p.219.

28) Thomas Kuhn, op. cit., p.115.

29) Keay Davidson, 'Carl Sagan a Life' 1999 (Our inclusion of Sagan into the non-E group in
1987, prior to this biography's appearance, was not strictly legitimate.)

30) G.Gamow, 'The Birth and Death of the Sun', 1940, p.113.

31) Ref 24, p.46.

32) M.Goldsmith, F.Joliot-Curie, a Biography 1976.

33) Koestler, AOC p.117.

34) Jacques Hadamard, 'The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field', Princeton, N.J.,
1945.

35) Marie Louise von Franz, Number and Time, 1974, Chapter two 'Images and Mathematical
Structures...'

36) There are some mathematical E-dates in 'The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting
Numbers' D.Wells 1986.

37) Charles Graham, The Seventh Harmonic and Creative Artists, Astrology Now, 13, June 1976,
p.58-89.

38) W.Platt and R.A.Baker, 1931, 'The Relation of Scientific Hunch to Research', Journal of
Chemical Education, 8, 1969.